Reference paper of black garlic extract blog

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Effects of Black Garlic on Cardiovascular System Diseases

1.Black Garlic and Platelet Aggregation.

The activation of blood platelets plays a vital role in many important physiological and pathological processes, including various arterial phenomena, such as myocardial infarction and strokes.

The platelets bind to the exposed collagen, laminin , and von Willebrand factor in the injured vessel wall, referred to as platelet activation. Adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin can also process the activation. The activated platelets change their shape, remove pseudopodia, release granules, and adhere to other platelets, thus commencing the platelet aggregation process. Platelet-activating factor, a cytokine released by neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets, also promotes aggregate formation.

Several studies have shown that BG has great potential in inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Fermented garlic is also effective in the inhibition of hypercholesterolemia and platelet aggregation. It was observed that the oral administration of fermented garlic (300 mg/kg) in male Sprague-Dawley rats once a day, along with a hypercholesterolemia diet for one month, inhibited collagen and ADP-induced platelet aggregation and ATP release. Besides, fermented garlic treatment downregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein, acetyltransferase- 2, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A.

Several cl inical trials have been conducted in the recent years to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Black garlic extract. Most of the studies have been found to have positive effects. In a study, Seo et al. showed that a 12 week aged garlic extract regimen with regular exercise reduced cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal by decreasing the body weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL-C, malondialdehyde, and homocysteine ​​levels. In another study, Jung et al.  Investigated whether aged black garlic supplementation could improve blood lipid profile in mild hypercholesterolemia patients. They found that aged black garlic supplement increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B with a decrease in the levels of apolipoprotein B.

2.Black Garlic and Arterial Hypertension

Several risk factors are associated with the development of arterial hypertension. Numerous studies showed the potential effects of Black garlic extract on decreasing arterial hypertension and inhibiting ACE.

Ried et al. carried out a clinical trial on 88 patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension patients. After 12 weeks of study, the findings indicated that aged garlic extract significantly reduced mean blood pressure along with arterial stiffness, mean arterial pressure, central blood pressure, central pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation pressure. Aged garlic extract administration for 12 weeks in 49 participants with uncontrolled arterial hypertension was also found effective in reducing blood pressure and had the potential to improve inflammation, arterial stiffness, and enhanced gut microbial profile.

Similarly, Yu et al. reported that Black Garlic extract was the most active in ACE inhibition with the lowest IC50 value (0.04 mg/mL) compared to raw garlic extract. Having said that, the authors also identified two Amadori compounds in BG extract, specifically N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-l-arginine and N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-l-methionine, which were probably attributed to ACE inhibitory activity. It has also been reported by Jang et al. [145], in their study, that ACE inhibitory effects of the BG extract were greater (88.8%) than normal garlic extract (52.7%).

However, there is still not enough data to suggest BG for the treatment of hypertensive patients as a standard clinical therapy. More properly designed and analyzed trials are needed for a definite conclusion.

3.Black Garlic and Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis occurs as a result of fat, cholesterol, and other substances interacting within the cellular components of the arterial wall. These deposits are called plaques. Over time, these plaques can eventually narrow or totally block the arteries, causing complications throughout the body.

Numerous pre-clinical and clinical investigations have demonstrated and confirmed Black garlic’s efficacy in preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, aged garlic extract significantly inhibited CAC progression, lowered the levels of IL-6 glucose, and blood pressure in 104 patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events after taking 2400 mg/daily of aged garlic extract for one year.

Another randomized clinical trial showed that a combination of aged garlic extract and co-enzyme Q10 suppressed the CAC progression and significantly decreased carbon reactive protein levels. In 2009, a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study involved 65 intermediate-risk patients and supplied them a capsule containing aged garlic extract with vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, and L-arginine for 12 months. At the end of the clinical trial, the data suggested that aged garlic extract with supplements decreased TGs, LDL-C, homocysteine, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M autoantibodies to malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B-immune complexes while high-density lipoprotein, oxidized phospholipids/apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein were significantly increased.

Furthermore, a study of 60 asymptomatic patients showed that fermented garlic extract with supplements decreased the levels of epicardial adipose tissue, pericardial adipose tissue, periaortic adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue after 12 months of treatment. Thus, aged garlic extract with supplements reduced the metabolic risk and the severity of coronary artery calcification by suppressing the progression rate of adipose tissue volume.

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Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases

Summary

Black Garlic Extract (BGE) and its derivatives have been documented to have multiple biological impacts on health promotion and treatment of various diseases. The transformation of fresh garlic to BG results in modifications in the biological activity of bioactive compounds caused by fermentation. In the past few decades, extensive pre-clinical investigations have shown the therapeutical potential of BG against a wide variety of human diseases. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that BG interacts directly with a number of signaling molecules. These pre-clinical investigations have established a good foundation for clinical trials investigating BG’s efficacy.

1.Effects of Black Garlic on Metabolic Disorders

1.1Black Garlic and Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous form of metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia.

Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that chronic hyperglycemia is a major source of oxidative stress and that elevated free radicals play a key role in diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and complications. Several studies have investigated the anti-diabetic potential of black garlic extract and these studies described variable effects of BG on conventional diabetes mellitus markers. For example, aged black garlic extract exhibited ameliorative action on glyco-metabolic biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by significantly decreasing blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and markedly increased serum insulin. Another study examined the anti-diabetic effects of BG powder in male Wister rats and found that BG powder lowered blood glucose, prevented glycogen in the liver, and improved lipid metabolism by increasing the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and γ-GTP . The results obtained by Si et al. demonstrated that 40 weeks of supplementation of BG lowered the levels of plasma malondialdehyde, SOD, GSH-Px, and total antioxidant capacity in pregnant women. They also mentioned that Lactobacillus bulgaricus improved the antioxidant capacity of BG in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, Kim et al. [89] used SAC-enriched BG juice and treated streptozotocin 239-induced insulin-deficient mice. The authors found that BG juice improved the glutathione antioxidant system, increased leptin, and adiponectin secretion, inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis, and suppressed nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ)-mediated inflammatory signaling.

1.2. Black Garlic and Obesity

Obesity has become a major public health problem. Obesity-related problems are linked to a variety of metabolic syndrome symptoms including high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Various approaches might be employed in human obesity prevention and control. Since a perfect cure or prevention of obesity still remains to be established and the majority of the anti-obesity drugs could have adverse effects, an exploration into the identification of new materials has shown a growing interest. BG extracts have been reported for their activity in reducing body weight, adipose tissue mass, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and plasma malondialdehyde in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity.

Moreover, Chen et al. revealed that methanolic extract of Black Garlic ameliorated diet-induced obesity in male Wister rats via upregulate AMP-activated protein kinase, Forkhead box O1, sirtuin 1, adipose triglyceride lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), perilipin, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, uncoupling protein 1, and downregulated CD36 in the adipose tissue. Aged black garlic extract has also been reported to show anti-lipogenic and lipolytic effects in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by reducing protein expression of PPARγ, HSL, and serum-phosphorylated HSL levels.

2.Effects of Black Garlic on Genitourinary Tract Diseases

BG has also demonstrated an intriguing capacity to alleviate symptoms associated with a variety of genitourinary diseases. Only a few research have examined the role of aged garlic extract in the treatment of kidney disorders, more precisely those caused by glomerular, tubulo-interstitial, or infectious pathologies. Albrakati et al. studied the effect of the aged black extract on chronic kidney disease and found that aged garlic extract rescued ethephon-induced kidney damage through the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 and inhibition of inflammation and apoptotic response. Another study performed by Lee et al. on acute kidney injury in rats, showed very promising results when treated with aged black garlic extract. Treatment with aged black garlic extract prevented deterioration of renal function monitored by standardized biomarkers such as the serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Levels of oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, NF-κβ, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were lower in the aged black garlic.

3.Effects of Black Garlic on Liver Diseases

Numerous substances, including dietary components, drugs, alcohols, and pollutants, can cause acute and/or chronic liver diseases, such as liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and even cirrhosis. Black Garlic has been widely investigated for its hepatoprotective properties (Table 5). In Wister rats with CCl4-induced liver injury, the administration of Black garlic extract was found to show a hepatoprotective effect based on the protection against oxidative damage. The levels of SOD, GSH-Px were decreased with an increase in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In another study, Tsai et al. demonstrated that the administration of SAC and polysaccharides enriched-Black garlic extract into ICR mice inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inflammation

4.Effects of Black Garlic on Cardiovascular System Diseases. (click for more information)

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